Bug bites and stings are common concerns, especially during the warmer months when outdoor activities are prevalent. While many may think primarily of mosquito bites, other insects and arachnids can pose more serious health risks due to their ability to sting or inject venom. David Gummin, MD, Medical Director of the New Mexico Poison & Drug Information Center and a Professor of Emergency Medicine at The University of New Mexico School of Medicine, shares valuable information about the risks and responses associated with bug bites and stings.
“We think a lot about bug bites, but a lot of those bugs that are out there that really are the more concerning ones don't just bite, they often sting,” Gummin emphasizes. This distinction is critical because stings often involve the injection of venom, which can lead to more severe reactions compared to non-venomous bites.
Different insects and arachnids have various methods of causing harm. “Spiders have venom when they bite, and scorpions sting, though fire ants can either bite or sting. When they sting, it means that they inject a type of venom into the person they're stinging,” Gummin explains. The presence of venom can trigger more intense reactions, including pain, swelling, and in some cases, systemic symptoms.
Allergic reactions to bites and stings can be particularly dangerous. “If you have an allergic reaction to an insect or to a spider… it can be life-threatening, so if you know you have that allergy you need to be prepared for it,” Gummin advises. Carrying an epinephrine auto-injector if you have known severe allergies can be a lifesaver.
“The other maybe biggest complication that can result from bites or stings is an infection,” notes Gummin. “That usually happens more than 24 hours after a bite or sting occurs.” It's important to monitor the site of the bite or sting for signs of infection after the initial reaction subsides.
Key signs to watch for include increasing redness, swelling, and warmth around the site, as well as red streaks spreading from the area or fever. “If it starts to get very red and inflamed... those are signs that you could be getting a bad reaction or an infection,” Gummin says.
Fortunately, serious infections from insect stings or bites are rare. “It happens very rarely; in the vast majority of insect stings or bites people never bother to go into the hospital... all symptoms resolve within about 6 to 12 hours,” Gummin states. Most people experience mild symptoms that resolve on their own but should still be aware of when to seek medical attention.
For those unsure about how to handle a bite or sting, resources are available. “Our poison center in New Mexico is very good at walking people through what they should be looking for after they've been envenomated or otherwise bitten... Just dial 1-800-222-1222,” recommends Gummin.
Preventing bug bites and stings is always preferable to dealing with their aftermath. Tips include using insect repellent containing DEET, picaridin, or oil of lemon eucalyptus; wearing protective clothing; avoiding known habitats; and keeping outdoor areas clean by reducing standing water and covering food.
Understanding the differences between bites and stings, recognizing symptoms of severe reactions, and knowing when to seek help are essential steps in managing these common but potentially serious incidents. With expert advice and preventive measures in place, individuals can enjoy outdoor activities with greater peace of mind.
